King control Essay

After 400 AD, there was no focal force in the West, yet a focal religious force, which asserted power from the soonest times. The brute attacks and the following political agitation brought about a huge development in the intensity of the papacy. With the presence of solid political powers in Europe, a battle between the papacy and the lords began to develop. The important contradiction was the best possible dispersion of intensity; the lord was accepted to be the ruler by divine right. Should the King control church also, in opposition to the conviction of pope as vicar of God on earth? It was in these conditions that, Pope Boniface VII showed up on the strict scene in Europe. As Papacy was blocked with inward fighting of war of progression, it is accepted that Pope Benedict VI (973-974) was choked to death. For Boniface VII, papacy was a common issue, as opposed to an awesome strategic, must be obtained definitely. After his promotion, with in a month, he had to leave the Constantinople, however he didn't stop for a second to take an enormous entirety of cash from the Vatican treasury. Following nine years of outcast, he came back with a military to oust his replacement Pope John XIV (983-984). Every one of these deeds earned him the name of Antipope. As indicated by students of history Boniface VII sitting in Peter’s seat was at the absolute bottom in the ecclesiastical history. This decay and debasement in chapel was noticeable at the hour of Gregory VII promotion to the papacy. He mourns the troubled condition of the Church in the accompanying words, â€Å"Wherever I turn my eyesâ€to the west, toward the north, or toward the south, I discover clerics who have acquired their office in sporadic ways†. Gregory put forth attempts to get rid of the Church from significant wrongs, for him the Bishop of Rome was not just the court of last intrigue, yet the pope was to administer the all inclusive Church as a vicar of St Peter. The medieval realms were strict states and lord as the head of individuals was the preeminent expert in strict, just as in political issues. The profound administration was presently in the hands of the ministers and pope, majesty must be seen contrastingly and new establishments laid for the political authority of the state. The state denied of its profound authority had to imagine itself as a corporate body free of the Church. Gregory realized that the traditions winning in the Church and society had no establishment in antiquated Christian convention. As indicated by him devotion didn't mean subjugated dutifulness to the ceremonies, yet confidence required further comprehension of the religion. Gregory started his extraordinary work of purging the Church by a transformation of the ministry and sanctioned various pronouncements, for example, prohibiting the workplace of hallowed requests by installment, exposing blameworthy clerics from practicing services, and dismissal of the pastors who neglected to comply with these directives. These declarations were met with incredible obstruction, yet were somewhat effective. Pope Boniface VII and Gregory VII had similar aspirations, however with various purpose of perspectives. As indicated by Pope Boniface VII, Church can't not be isolated from the state, there must be balance for this concurrence. Gregory VII, on the opposite de-sacralized the authority of the lord, and isolated the otherworldly world from legislative issues. Thus, the Church turned into a sovereign body with its own head, regulatory structure, group of law, and courts, which in the long run offered ascend to the advanced state. Source: Ullmann. W (1962), The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages: A Study in the Ideological Relation of Clerical to Lay Power, Methuen London. Catholic Encyclopedia, Pope St. Gregory VII (8 Nov. 2005), http://www. newadvent. organization/cathen/06791c. htm

Free Essays on Artificial Intelligence

for example, â€Å"Wreck a decent beach† and â€Å"recognize speech† are two expressions that are phonetically fundamentally the same as, despite the fact that they share next to no significance practically speaking. The problem for PCs would not be one for people with their characteristic capacity to fathom and finish up the two contrasts and make the right presumption of the two. Notwithstanding the contention for getting language, we have various different issues that machines fa... Free Essays on Artificial Intelligence Free Essays on Artificial Intelligence As of late, the media has spent an expanding measure of communicate time on new innovation. The focal point of innovative media has been focused on the whirlwind of advances concerning computerized reasoning (AI). What is man-made consciousness and what is the media discussing? Are these advances useful to our general public or negligible curiosities among business and advertising experts? Clinical offices, police divisions, and assembling plants have all been changed by AI however how? These inquiries and numerous others are the worry of the overall population achieved by the absence of instruction concerning quickly propelling PC innovation. Computerized reasoning is characterized as the capacity of a machine to have an independent perspective. Researchers and scholars keep on discussing if PCs will really have the option to think for themselves at a certain point (Patterson 7). The for the most part acknowledged hypothesis is that PCs do and will think more later on. Artificial intelligence has developed quickly over the most recent ten years primarily in light of the advances in PC design. The term man-made consciousness was really begat in 1956 by a gathering of researchers having their first gathering on the subject (Patterson 6). Early endeavors at AI were neural systems displayed after the ones in the human cerebrum. Achievement was insignificant, best case scenario as a result of the absence of PC innovation expected to figure such enormous conditions. Computer based intelligence is accomplished utilizing various strategies. The more mainstream usage contain neural systems, disorder building, fluffy rationale, information based frameworks, and master frameworks. Utilizing any of the previously mentioned plan structures requires a specific PC framework. For instance, Anderson Consulting applies an information based framework to business advance officials utilizing mixed media (Hedburg 121). Their framework requires a quick IBM work station. Different frameworks may require significantly more pull utilizing outlandish PCs or workstations. Much more e... Free Essays on Artificial Intelligence Insight By: John Cruz Man-made consciousness once something that individuals thought could just come out of sci-fi books and films. In any case, today that could all change due to a robot called Cog. Gear-tooth is a man-made reasoning that it’s makers have given a body. He is the eventual fate of AI and a fresh start for the field. His maker , Rogney Brooks, a teacher of electrical building and software engineering, thought of making gear-tooth, from motivation from a man-made consciousness that was portrayed in the film, 2001:A Space Odyssey. In the film, Hal, the AI, controlled a huge space make. Rather than making a cerebrum in a case like in the film, Rodney is placing the psyche of a human into the body of a robot. Gear-tooth isn’t yet a genuine humanoid robot. At the present time he is minimal more that a head, neck , shoulders, chest and midsection. He is roosted on a dark steel platform darted to the floor of the Artificial insight lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. St ill no other machine has come nearer to the humanoid robots of sci-fi. Pinion portends the day wherein robots will connect ordinarily with us. Cog’s makers are attempting to do only that. Pinion is an exceptionally long ways from what HAL was thought, since he has some life structures. HAL was simply fundamentally a cerebrum in a case. What they are attempting to achieve with pinion, is to outfit a cerebrum with a body, that has sensors so it can find out about its condition all alone, much like a newborn child does. Making a humanoid was a major jump for Brooks. His last endeavor in to the AI world established a major connection with the man-made brainpower network. He made little robots the hastened around like creepy crawlies. For reasons unknown, however, that these little animals share much for all intents and purpose with Cog. The two of them do no utilization the typical AI approach that most other Mobil robots use. These different robots, would need to convey a total guide of the world that the machine will experience. That would work blade... Free Essays on Artificial Intelligence â€Å"Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) is the science and designing of building shrewd machines.† Within this intriguing field there are three fundamental schools of AI: individuals attempting to display what people do (kind of brain research based) individuals attempting to make what individuals improve (instruments for people), and individuals who are attempting to manufacture new apparatuses with â€Å"far out† capacities. Thinking about the three schools of man-made consciousness, they all compound to one point; individuals attempting to manufacture machines that would show what people do. Imitating human conduct as the primary objective is by all accounts an entirely achievable one. To duplicate human conduct you should additionally break down what people do effortlessly. Consider what we do subliminally absent a lot of exertion is hard to a PC. We complete various; even different errands at the same time that can make a machine stagger more than once attempting to emulate us. First we have our essential want of imparting, which comes simple to us yet to a machine to get language and use it as needs be would be troublesome. The explanation behind this is language has various issues related with it. One issue would be essentially the language structure of the sentence structure. There is innovation even today available that includes discourse correspondence to make word handling much increasingly open and simpler for people. Perseveringly as the developers chipped away at their programming they despite everything experienced one significant quandary related with their product bundle. A series of words, for example, â€Å"Wreck a decent beach† and â€Å"recognize speech† are two expressions that are phonetically fundamentally the same as, despite the fact that they share almost no importance for all intents and purpose. The situation for PCs would not be one for people with their normal capacity to grasp and finish up the two contrasts and make the right supposition of the two. Notwithstanding the contention for getting language, we have various different issues that machines fa...

Buzzwords to Include and to Avoid on Your Resume

Buzzwords to Include and to Avoid on Your Resume Words matter in your resume. If you consider how the average hiring manager will spend only six to ten seconds scanning your resume, you need to make words jump out. You want to include buzzwords that speak to the hiring manager, forcing them to examine your resume for longer.Not all words alike. Some words might jump out of your resume and make the hiring manager immediately cringe. This is something you don’t want to happen; you don’t want to fluff your resume with words the hiring manager hates.In this guide, you’ll learn what makes certain buzzwords good and some bad. You’ll also get to see the ten buzzwords you want to include and avoid on your resume. WHAT ARE GOOD BUZZWORDS?Before turning our attention to the list of buzzwords you should use in your resume, it’s a good idea to think about the concept just a little. Buzzwords tend to have a negative reputation and it’s true that some words will make the hiring manager cringe rather than applaud your efforts. But how do you know which are the right and good buzzwords?Three things make a buzzword good. These qualities help the words to strengthen the resume and get your message across better. A good buzzword is simply a word that is:RelevantEach word mentioned in the resume must be relevant to you and the jobs you are trying to get. Whenever you include a sentence or a piece of information, your first focus should be on the relevance. Does this word make your point and provide the hiring manager with relevant information? If it doesn’t add positively to your resume, then you shouldn’t include it.Now, buzzwords in general tend to be industry driven and specialized. You can fi nd plenty of buzzwords that are directly linked with content marketing or the technology sector, for example. It’s important to look around your industry and see what buzzwords are in use. In fact, you can look at the job description and the company website to see which words are mentioned and therefore, might be more relevant.SpecificThe words you use must also be specific. This means picking words that show the trait or thing in action. You don’t want to opt for vagueness and use words that themselves don’t reveal much. An example could be the buzzword “creative”. If you just claim to be creative, you are not telling much. Creative in what? In how?Therefore, the buzzwords you pick must specifically the point you are trying to make. What has been the result? What is the proof? You don’t want to list words from a job description but you want to delve deeper into how you add value to a business.ActionableThe above points have already touched on the third important quality of a good buzzword: they need to be actionable. The hiring manager is not looking for passivity â€" the whole point of your resume is to show how valuable you are and what benefits you could bring to the company if they hired you. Therefore, you want to use actionable words. These are words showing what you have done and they demonstrate the positive aspects of your work.With these points in mind, you can start picking and using buzzwords that add to your resume.10 BUZZWORDS TO INCLUDE ON YOUR RESUMESo, with that in mind let’s turn our attention to the words you should be using on your resume. The latest CareerBuilder research has pointed out 10 buzzwords worth including on your resume.AchievedAchieved is a great actionable word that keeps popping up in surveys like the CareerBuilder survey. It’s the perfect example of a good buzzword: it’s actionable, it’s specific and it’s relevant. It allows you to show how your accomplishment will help you perform well in the job posi tion, if you are hired.ImprovedAgain, improved is a strong actionable word allowing you to get into specifics in terms of adding value. You can show in a specific way how you’ve managed to make a specific situation better â€" you are not just stating the things you’ve done, but you are using an action word that implies you’ve made them better.Trained/MentoredThese two words are perfect buzzwords for a strong resume. They are not only actionable and provide specific detail in terms of your skills. They also showcase your willingness to work for the benefit of the team and help other people succeed. It adds an extra layer of talent and passion to your resume.ManagedInstead of using a lame, generic word such as lead, you should opt for managed. Hiring managers favor it because it shows you have the ability to do many things. Not only does it show your organizational abilities, it also shows leadership and teamwork.CreatedAs mentioned earlier, creative is a generic word to use. Ho wever, you can add more context to the word by using the verb created instead. When using such verbs, you definitely want to include as much context as possible and quantify your actions. For example, stating, “I created two new applications during my 10 months in the company” is a strong way of showcasing your skills.ResolvedHiring managers are looking for people who are not just able to do what they are told but also fix problems and be flexible. Resolved perfectly demonstrates this. It shows you had taken actions to figure out a solution to a given problem and you were able to make it better. It can show innovation and intuition as well as pure strategic and logic thinking.VolunteeredVolunteered is another perfect word to use in your resume. Volunteered is a positive and actionable verb highlighting your willingness to work for the greater good. It shows you are a team player as much as it shows you have experience and skills in a particular field.InfluencedInfluenced is a po werful word to include to your resume because it shows you are able to change opinions and get others to follow you. It shows leadership in action â€" you are not just following the herd but you can take action and create changes in the organization you work for.Increased/DecreasedAs mentioned above, the inclusion of figures on your resume is always a good idea. The more specific you can be the better. Increased and decreased provide you with amble opportunities to show your talent in action and be more specific about the value you add. Saying, “I sold 1,000 shoes in my first month” doesn’t tell enough of your accomplishment. However, if you say, “I increased shoe sales by 10% in the first month”, you show concretely that you’ve added and improved something and not just done what you were meant to be.IdeasFinally, you have the word ideas. The buzzword does require a bit more context but it offers just the right space for being specific. It shows creativity and your abili ty to think outside-of-the-box. It also offers a great way to engage the hiring manager and get them interested in hearing more about you. You don’t need to reveal all your ideas in the resume â€" you can give a sneak peek and then receive an invitation to explain them further at the job interview. Ideas offers you the perfect buzzword to hook the hiring manager to want more.WHAT MAKES A BUZZWORD BAD?But as mentioned above, buzzwords aren’t always viewed positively. They can make your resume look out-dated, clunky and unappealing. It’s important to know when a buzzword goes from a positive to negative to avoid using the bad terms.Just like there are three qualities to good buzzwords, there are three qualities that make a buzzword bad. The qualities don’t tend to add anything to your resume and instead, have the tendency to make it stand out in a bad way. A buzzword is bad if it is:GENERICIRRELEVANTPASSIVEAs you might have noticed, these are almost the exact opposite qualitie s to good buzzwords.GenericYou do not want to opt for generic terms in a resume. Your resume shouldn’t be a collection of achievements and attributes that make you a great average worker. Your resume is your chance to show why you are different and why you would add more value to the team. You need to use words that make you stand out from the crowd not make you just another part of it.As mentioned earlier, a term like “creative” doesn’t reveal anything specific about you or what you do. It’s good to be a creative person but the word itself won’t give any insight into your accomplishment or your personality. It’s just a generic term to describe your style.IrrelevantYou also don’t want to include irrelevant buzzwords. This means it’s important to stick to buzzwords or jargon that’s associated with your industry. If you don’t work in the content marketing sector and the job posting has nothing to do with the sector, then you don’t want to pick buzzwords from th e industry. You can’t use abbreviations or industry slang if the hiring manager doesn’t have a grasp of it. If the word is not relevant, it’s not needed.PassiveFinally, your buzzword cannot be passive. Words that don’t show action and which don’t move information forward are not good to include in a resume. A resume is not a document for listing things â€" it’s an opportunity to showcase your talent and your abilities. But those are not passive but active. Your job in the resume is not to list your responsibilities in the same way they would read out on a job description. Your job is to show the hiring manager what you have done and how it has helped the organizations and people around you.10 BUZZWORDS TO AVOID ON YOUR RESUMEWhat are the words that definitely shouldn’t be on your resume? Below are the words found in the LinkedIn study to be the top words hiring managers hate to see. They all are perfect examples of the above qualities that make a buzzword bad.Specializ edResume is not the place to tell what you are but to show what you are. Specialized is a generic and vague term that in itself doesn’t tell anything to the hiring manager. If you find yourself using the term, you should ask yourself, “Why do I think I’m specialized to do something?” Use the answer to guide your use of the word.LeadershipLeadership is a vague terms â€" there are a number of ways to lead and it’s much better to get into these specific. You want to state how you’ve shown leadership not that you have it. If you’re applying for leadership positions, you should also be more specific about your style.PassionatePassionate isn’t really an achievement. You are expected to love the work you pursue. It’s also not a skill to have passion for something. It’s much better to talk about your drive to improve your skills and to learn more rather than just state you are passionate about something.StrategicOne of the top pet peeves hiring managers have is the use o f the word strategic. It’s often used out of the context and applied to generic situations. You might show strategy in the military or in the sports field, but it doesn’t sit well with many other industries.ExperiencedYou should always use figures to show things such as experience. Experienced is essentially just your own interpretation â€" it’s much better to allow the hiring manager to make this judgment. So, instead of saying you are “experienced in accounting software”, you should say something like “I’ve used XYZ accounting program for five years”. Give context and proof instead of just making claims.FocusedYou are applying for a job and this means the hiring manager will expect certain things from you. Focused is one of those ‘skills’ that people often list but which should be rather given in the world of work. Your ability to sit down and perform a task is not being super talented, it’s just something you need to do. Therefore, focused is a meaningless w ord to use; it’s generic and rather passive.ExpertExpert is a loaded term and you might not be prepared for it. It’s a red flag for hiring managers because it’s overused by people who think a little too much of themselves. Are you really an expert on something? Remember it means to have a great deal of knowledge of a particular area. Can you say that and be able to back your claim? You’re most likely knowledgeable and qualified in many things but you shouldn’t throw around the word expert too lightly. Show your expertise and knowledge, don’t just say you are an expert.CertifiedCertified is another buzzword to avoid, especially on its own. You are much better off listing your qualifications in the education and qualifications section than just saying you are certified to do something. It’s vague and generic. Besides, if you are saying you are certified to do something, you better have a document to prove it!CreativeAs mentioned previously, creative is a buzzword that do esn’t really say much. In fact, Lori Scherwin, executive coach and founder of Strategize That, told Monster that people who use the term want to show they can think outside of the box. However, Scherwin continued to state that if you were creative wouldn’t you simply come up with an outside-of-the-box way of saying it? That’s all you really need to know about this word.ExcellentExcellent is similar to expert in the fact that it’s a rather loaded term. You place a lot of pressure on your skill set if you use this word. Furthermore, it also doesn’t really demonstrate your excellence. You’re trying to tell you are something but instead you should be showing what you are.FINAL THOUGHTSThe important thing to understand is that you shouldn’t pick words you think you need to use and then fit them into your resume. Your resume has a purpose and an audience â€" your job is to tailor it to that audience. This means the way you use words matters. You can make a buzzword work if y ou just use it in the right context and you can make a buzzword look horrible if you just sink it in the wrong context.In the end, the buzzwords you should include to your resume depend on you. How do they fit to your accomplishment and characteristics? Are they relevant to the job you are applying? If yes, then you should definitely add a specific buzzword. But if they don’t, then you shouldn’t use a word just because you think it’s popular.So, always write your resume with your audience in mind. Don’t add words just for the sake of it but use them to drive the story forward. Ensure your words always have purpose.

Crystal Starfish Ornament or Decoration

Grow crystals on a small starfish to make a sparkling crystal starfish ornament or decoration. Crystal Starfish Materials You can grow any crystal solution on the starfish, including borax, salt, alum, Epsom salt and sugar. Borax is nice because the crystals grow overnight and add a dainty sparkly appearance to the starfish. Also, these crystals survive storage and packing between holidays quite well. small dried starfishstringjar big enough to hold the starfishstringhot waterborax (e.g., 20 Mule Team Borax How To Grow Crystals on the Starfish Tie a string or piece of nylon fishing line to the starfish. Make certain the starfish can hang in the jar without touching the side or bottom. You can wrap the string around a pencil or butter knife to control its length. Remove the starfish from the container.Mix a solution of very hot or boiling water and borax. Keep stirring in borax until it stops dissolving. This will be when a small amount of solid material remains in the bottom of the container.Pour this solution into the jar.Suspend the starfish in the liquid. Make certain it is submerged, but not touching the jar. Allow the crystals to grow for several hours or overnight.Remove the crystallized starfish from the liquid and hang it to allow it to dry. Thats it! You can use it as a holiday ornament or other decoration.You can store the starfish by wrapping it gently in tissue paper to protect it from dust and humidity. Tips and Tricks Borax allows the natural color of the starfish to show. However, if you want to add color, you can. Simply add a small amount of food coloring when you mix the borax and water. The food coloring does not color the crystals, but it will dye the starfish.Try growing crystals on small shells. Youll have the best success with porous shells because they provide places for the crystals to attach and grow. More Crystal Holiday Decorations Borax Crystal SnowflakeCrystallized Holiday StockingCrystal Paper SnowflakesMore Holiday Ornament Projects

Margery Kempe and Mental Illness - 2438 Words

Margery Kempe: mother, mystic, mentally ill? Throughout The Book of Margery Kempe, Margery is burdened with the gift of tears. To onlookers, her behaviour seems erratic and threatening; strangers and acquaintances often wonder if devils possessing her cause her passionate wailing. Margery is often questioned about her tears, and isolated from people who fail to understand that she is one of Christ’s â€Å"chosen souls† (24). Margery sees these social difficulties as trials of her faith, and says, â€Å"For ever the more slander and reproof that she suffered, the more she increased in grace and in devotion of holy meditation† (Kempe 4). Even when her community berates her, she maintains that her tears are a gift and a form of penance, that her†¦show more content†¦Margery does not believe for a moment that she is ill; she only ever considers her experiences to be the work of God or of devils. Because her post-partum depression it is such a negative experi ence, she accepts that it must be the work of devils. We know now that stressful events such as childbirth can bring on the symptoms of various mental illnesses (Gray 587), and we also know that having one mental illness can increase likelihood of having another (Mental Illness). Therefore, it is possible that Margery’s post-partum depression opened the door to symptoms of other disorders, such as hallucinations. Margery, at the end of her depression, sees a vision of Christ, after which she is â€Å"as stabled in her wits and reason as ever she was before† (Kempe 8). If Margery was indeed suffering from post-partum depression, it is unlikely that she recovered as quickly as she describes. It is more likely that she had been slowly recovering and the vision acted as a sort of catalyst, causing her to realize her improvement. She may have gained a sense of optimism from the vision; it has been proven with various diseases that those with an optimistic outlook on recover y tend to recover better and more quickly than those who have a more pessimistic view (Repper 52). If the vision is a hallucination, it is interesting that the onset of new psychotic symptoms cure her of her depression. IShow MoreRelatedPostpartum Depression : A Severe Psychotic Syndrome1284 Words   |  6 Pagesdepression is a more common and less threatening mental illness than postpartum psychosis, however, Margery Kempe displays the more fatal symptoms. Several readers believe that Margery Kempe was a woman who devoted her life to God, however, after her first child was born Margery Kempe was recognizably sick and continued these symptoms throughout the entire book. In The Book of Margery Kempe, the first autobiography in the English Language, Margery Kempe displays the symptoms of hallucinations, cryingRead MorePostpartum Depression : A Severe Psychotic Syndrome1384 Words   |  6 PagesOlfson 800). Postpartum depression is a further common mental illness than postpartum psyc hosis, however Margery Kempe displays serious symptoms. Several readers believe that Margery Kempe was a woman who devoted her life to God, however, after her first child was born Margery Kempe was recognizably sick due to the feelings that she should not live. In The Book of Margery Kempe, the first autobiography in the English Language, Margery Kempe displays the symptoms of hallucinations, crying episodesRead MoreThe Book Of Margery Kempe ( Bmk )1863 Words   |  8 PagesThe Book of Margery Kempe (BMK), records the latter portion of Margery Kempe’s life as she has visions of Christ and struggles with the inevitable backlash of the clergy. Questions of her authority are brought up within the text as Margery is repeatedly arrested on counts of heresy and lollardy. While these sentiments are expressed in the text, her authority is also questioned by many readers and scholars. It has become common for modern scholars to dismiss Margery as another mystic less noteworthyRead Mo reWomen Of The Medieval Times1865 Words   |  8 Pagesintimacy, childbirth and household responsibilities were thrust upon them by the elder family members and the men that became their husbands. How did these women survive? Did the hardships inflicted on them day after day on a continuous basis lead to mental illness or a religious awakening? Perhaps the women of the Medieval Times were more intelligent and capable than one was lead to believe. What lengths would a person go through in order to survive an unbearable situation? Did the women of the Medieval

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Free Essays

Introduction Throughout history, our conceptualization of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has been changing alongside changes in the way we have viewed the world. With the dawning of the Renaissance in Western Europe, religious explanations based on demonic possession were superseded by a more humanistic understanding. By the early seventeenth century, the obsessions that drove Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth to suicide were recognized to be a product of her guilty mind, for which there was no medical cure. We will write a custom essay sample on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now Obsessions and compulsions were first described in the medical literature of the early nineteenth century. They were viewed as an unusual expression of melancholia. By the beginning of the twentieth century, with the development of psychoanalysis, the focus shifted onto psychological explanations based on unconscious conflicts, but this did not provide a useful strategy for treatment. The subsequent application of learning theory to OCD led to the development of effective behavioural treatments in the 1960s and 1970s. Compared with the pace of these historical developments, modern understanding of OCD has expanded with dramatic speed. The development of effective medical treatments of OCD has revolutionized the outlook for sufferers and propelled OCD to the forefront of scientific attention. With the growth of research into the epidemiology, psychopharmacology, neurobiology, neuropsychology and genetics of OCD, reviewed throughout this publication, the emphasis has once again swung back toward a medical model. As we enter the twenty-first century, we now recognize OCD as a common, treatable form of major mental disorder. After the pioneering epidemiological catchment area (ECA) studies carried out by the National Institute of Mental Health in the early 1980s reported that the prevalence of OCD was substantially higher than expected, (Robins, Holzer, Weissman, 1984) repeated population studies using similar methods have demonstrated a lifetime prevalence of 2-3% worldwide (Weissman, Bland Canino, 1994).   Taiwan and India were the only exceptions, with rates below 1%. If these estimates are accurate, then OCD affects more than 50 million people in the world today. The prevalence does not appear to be influenced by socioeconomic status, educational achievement, or ethnicity. The disorder is more common than schizophrenia, and about half as common as depression. Yet the illness remains largely under-recognized, and the psychosocial and economic costs to society from untreated OCD are high (Hollander, Wong, 1998).   It is not surprising that the World Health Organization has now recognized OCD as a public health priority. While there is little doubt that the ‘hidden epidemic’ of OCD exists, the actual prevalence of clinically relevant disorder has been called into question. In the ECA studies lay interviewers were trained to make DSM-III diagnoses using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). However, clinical reappraisal of DIS-positive cases resulted in less than 25% continuing to meet the criteria for OCD (Nelson Rice, 1997).One explanation is that the rates of illness reported in the original ECA studies may have been exaggerated. Alternatively, the findings may reflect variability in the severity of the disorder over time. Obsessive compulsive disorder is more common in women, although the differences are not as obvious as in depression or other anxiety disorders. An average female to male ratio of 1.5:1.0 is accepted for the community at large, although the ratio appears roughly equal in the adolescent population, reflecting perhaps the earlier onset in boys. In particularly in males, having obsessions and compulsions or magical thinking, poor social adjustment, and an early chronic course, predicted a worse outcome. A more recent 5-year prospective follow-up study of 100 OCD patients showed that in spite of the introduction of modern treatments, outcomes were similar to Skoog and Skoog’s cohort, with only 20% reaching full remission of their OCD, 50% showing partial remission, and the remainder unchanged or worse over 5 years. Less severe illness and being married were associated with a better outcome (Steketee Eisen Dyck, 1999). Most patients suffer a mixture of different obsessions or compulsions. Surveys have consistently identified contamination fears as the most common obsession, with concern about harm to others, pathological doubt, somatic obsessions and the need for symmetry also occurring frequently. Half of all OCD patients admitted for treatment suffer compulsions in the realm of repetitive checking or excessive cleaning and washing. 20 Key themes have been identified that underlie most symptoms. These include abnormal risk assessment, pathological doubt and incompleteness. Patients with OCD usually retain full insight into the absurdity of their symptoms, although this is not always the case (Insel Akiskal, 1986). The DSM-IV singles out patients with poor insight as a meaningful subgroup. These individuals have more complex symptomatology, which makes diagnosis more difficult, and tend to be more severely ill. They have only a limited sense of the excessiveness and irrationality of their thoughts and behaviours and are therefore difficult to engage in treatment. They may appear to be deluded (and hence receive inappropriate treatment) but longitudinal studies show they do not go on to develop schizophrenia-like illnesses. In a cohort of 475 patients with OCD, (6%) displayed lack of insight. Mild forms of obsessional behaviour, such as repetitive checking or superstitious behaviour commonly occur in everyday life. They only meet the criteria for OCD if they are time-consuming, or associated with impairment or distress. Recurrent, intrusive thoughts, impulses and images also occur in other mental disorders thought to share a relationship with OCD: for example, the preoccupation with bodily appearance, in body dysmorphic disorder; with a feared object, in specific phobia; with illness, in hypochondriasis; or with hair-pulling, in trichotillomania. A diagnosis of OCD should only be contrast; men predominate in surveys of OCD referrals, possibly reflecting a greater severity in males. Women during pregnancy and the puerperium are particularly at risk of developing the disorder. In a study by Neziroglu et al of 59 mothers with OCD, experienced their symptoms for the first time during pregnancy. In many cases, pre-existing obsessional tendencies are unmasked and exaggerated by the events surrounding childbirth. Obsessive compulsive disorder is considered to be one of the most strongly inherited mental disorders (Pauls, Alsobrook, Goodman, 1995). Approximately one-fifth of nuclear family members of OCD sufferers show signs of OCD, and the younger the sufferer the more likely they are to have a first-degree relative affected. The clustering of OCD and Tourette’s syndrome (TS) within families suggests a common inherited factor. The course of the illness can vary from a relatively benign form in which the patient experiences infrequent, discrete episodes of illness interspersed with symptom-free periods, to malignant OCD, characterized by unremitting symptoms and substantial social impairment. In a 40-year prospective follow-up study, reported by Skoog and Skoog, the authors managed to locate and examine 144 out of 251 OCD patients who had previously been admitted as inpatients under their care between 1947 and 1953. 1Given that effective treatments for OCD were not developed until the end of the study, much of the data is naturalistic. The authors found that roughly 60% showed signs of general improvement within 10 years of onset of illness, rising to 80% by the end of the study. However, only 20% achieved full remission even after nearly 50 years of illness; 60% continued to experience significant symptoms; 10% showed no improvement whatsoever; and another 10% had worsened. In 60% of cases the content of the obsessions shifted markedly over the follow-up period (Pauls, Alsobrook, Goodman, 1995). One-fifth of those who had shown an early, sustained improvement subsequently relapsed, even after 20 years without symptoms, suggesting early recovery does not rule out the possibility of very late relapse. Intermittent, episodic disease was common during the early stage of illness, and predicted a more favourable outcome, whereas chronic illness predominated in the later years. Early age of onset, made if there are also unrelated obsessive-compulsive symptoms, in which case more than one diagnosis may be warranted. Activities such as preoccupation with eating, sex, shopping and gambling are not considered genuine compulsions because they are not egodystonic, and the individual usually only tries to resist because of the adverse consequences. Reference: Hollander E, Wong C, 1998). Psychosocial functions and economic costs of obsessive compulsive disorder, CNS Spectrums (3 (5) suppl. 1:48-58. Insel T, Akiskal H, 1986. Obsessive compulsive disorder with psychotic features: a phenomenological analysis, Am J Psychiatry 143:1527-33. Nelson E, Rice J, 1997. Stability of diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. Am J Psychiatry 154:826-31. Pauls DL, Alsobrook JP, Goodman W et al, 1995). A family study of obsessive compulsive disorder, Am J Psychiatry 152 : 76-84. Robins LN, Holzer JE, Weissman MM et al, 1984 Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites, Arch Gen Psychiatry (1984) 41 :949-58. Steketee G, Eisen J, Dyck I et al, (1999) Predictors of course in obsessive compulsive disorder, Psychiatr Res   89 (3):229-38.   Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GL et al, 1994. The cross national epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder, J Clin Psychiatry 55 :5-10. How to cite Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Essay examples

The Emirates Airline Company

Introduction Managing change in an organization is crucial in ensuring that a firm remains stable and competitive in any industry. Organizational change involves changing structures within the organization that consequently enables any firm to remain effective and efficient to all stakeholders, including employees, customers, management team and the immediate environment in which the firm operates.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Emirates Airline Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, while introducing changes in an organization, the management needs to be very keen to ensure that change is accepted and embraced by all stakeholders otherwise it might prove ineffective if most stakeholders respond negatively. Sometimes, it becomes important to manage change through various means such as communicating to the employees on how it is vital to the wellbeing of individual employees and long term organiza tional goals and objectives. In this regard, the Emirates Airline Company will continue to analyze the best leadership style and practices in the industry with an aim of establishing leadership approach that would successfully help the company in achieving its medium and long-term goals. The firm will also carry out thorough research at the industry level as well as at the Emirates Airline Company in a bid to identify the effects of change. This will greatly help in identifying whether changes initiated in the past have positive or negative outcomes. As a result, Emirates Airline Company would be in a position to establish the changes that would largely help its performance (Doganis 33). Problems encountered at Emirates Airline Company and their remedies A number of problems are encountered at the Emirates Airline Company that threatens its competitiveness in the airline industry. The problems are both external and internal. The company has little influence on problems emanating fro m external environment whilst it has full control over the internal environment. In particular, the Emirates Airline Company associates its main internal problem with employees’ poor performance that leads to general poor performance of the company. The employees’ poor performance is attributable to several aspects including lack of contentment, low level of loyalty as well as ineffective leadership style practiced at the company. Previous researches indicate that lower levels of loyalty have negatively affected the airline industry. Employees with high level of loyalty normally yield better performance while those with lower levels of loyalty tend to have poor performance. In this respect, it is clear that deteriorating level of loyalty at the Emirates Airline Company has progressively led to low level of performance at the operational level. This can be described by the fact that the management has failed to continue focusing on the needs and welfare of the workforce . This would mainly aid in motivating employees since they feel they are part of the organization.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, there is lack of contentment, which is partly attributed to unattractive salary and meager accommodation facilities. The researches furthermore indicate that ineffective leadership approach continue to accelerate poor levels of performance at the operational level due to ineffectual leadership style, which enhance motivational levels across the organization. The ineffectual leadership approach is attributable to ineffective management team that is specifically concerned with running the organization. The solutions for the above problems encountered at the Emirates Airlines Company can be solved in diverse ways. The vital approaches that are highly recommended are availing good accommodation to employees of all levels, providing empl oyees with a handsome package for their services as well as providing other benefits such as provision of insurance cover, medical allowances and other benefits. The third remedy to the low-level performance involves coming up with effective and efficient leadership approaches through hiring of managers that have leadership qualities. This would enable transformation of the whole organization into new heights of success (Emirate 22). Problems encountered Remedies for the problem The recommendations provided in management part A will assist in improving both management and operational performance through provision of vital information that will enable the firm in making imperative decisions concerning the running of the firm. It will also enable the firm to influence behavior and conduct of employees in a positive way. This will in particular emanate from high level of leadership quality, which helps in motivating employees as well as encouraging them to continue working hard to atta in their individual objectives pertaining to job position they hold in the organization such as achieving promotions upon attaining certain levels of performance (The Emirates Group 1). Identifying effect of organizational change Identification of the effect attributed to organizational change would be initiated by thorough investigation of diverse changes that have been adopted by various companies at the airline industry. It would also be fundamental to examine the effects of various changes that have currently been introduced in the organization, as well as the past ones since they provide a benchmark on which organizational changes can be measured against. Through comparison of various organizational changes, an individual or the organization stand a good chance of picking the best organizational change that has high chances of resulting to levels of positive output. The kind of organizational change a firm constantly comes up with always depends on the problems confronted by t he firm, as well as the needs and requirements that the firm desires to achieve (Hiatt and Creasey 37).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Emirates Airline Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diagnosing the organizational leadership style The kind of leadership approach embraced by any firm towards influencing the behavior of individuals in the organization has an effect to the organizational level of performance. The Emirates Airline Company will have to analyze the type of leadership approach currently practiced in the firm. It will also be vital to analyze the past leadership approach adopted by the company in running its activities. Furthermore, it would be crucial to understand leadership style practiced by other firms in the airline industry since they provide a benchmark on the best leadership style to be identified and thus implemented in the organization. This would enable an organization to rem ain competitive in the contemporary turbulent business environment. However, in order to come up with the best leadership style, a firm needs to understand the resources it has as well as consider the culture of both the employees and customers. Having an in-depth knowledge about the internal and external publics allows the management to lead and direct the firm in the most effective way. It is said that the performance of a firm majorly relies on the effectiveness of the employees. Therefore, possessing the right skills in influencing the employees towards achieving the predetermined objectives and goals of company would improve its performance level (Porter 223). Benefits associated with the best leadership approach and effective organizational change The Emirates Airline Company would benefit from having the most effective leadership style, as well as adopting effective organizational change that have high chances of improving the performance of the firm. In particular, effectua l leadership approach will help the firm understand both employees and customers and effectively come up with techniques that would assist in influencing their behavior in the most desirable manner thus improving the level of performance.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Emirates Airline Company would motivate employees by promising promotion after attaining a certain level of performance. Alternatively, the firm might promise a certain increase in the level of salary after achieving a given predetermined target. Some companies find it necessary to let employees feel part of the organization by frequently listening to their problems and needs and accordingly responding to their problems on time. Through constant encouragement and motivation of employees, the company would be able to increase its efficiency at all levels of operations. According to Hiatt and Creasey, adopting organizational change, which have positive effects as compared to negative effects would assist the organization attain high level of performance (23). Required resources Personnel Primarily, the research would require a skilled person who would efficiently carry out the research in relation to effects associated to organizational change as well as carry out a thor ough analysis on different leadership styles used by different companies in the airline industry. Analysts are as well required to compare the different leadership styles and choose one that would match with the organizational structure in addition to providing efficiency and effectiveness (Porter 152). Adequate capital Hiring of new managers would require sufficient capital. In addition, the firm would have to restructure its systems in order to allow the new organizational change to fit into organizational activities. Furthermore, the new leadership approach would as well call for new systems and organizational structure. All this will require implementation, which would greatly be aided by adequate capital resources (Porter 208). Implementers Those who would be responsible for planning will include human resource manager who will assist in hiring and recruiting new management team that will largely initiate changes in the organization. However, an external company that is respons ible for selecting and recruiting personnel in different fields will assist the human resource manager in choosing the most effectual managers that are endowed with excellent leadership qualities. With availability of effective managers, the company will be able to hire best personnel, who will carry out research regarding the effect of organizational change (Hiatt and Creasey 41). Steps of implementation process Activity Time/Duration (2012) Amassing adequate capital to facilitate the implementation process US dollars30,000 1stJan-1stFeb hiring of research personnel 2ndFeb-15thFeb carrying out research on organizational change and its effect 16thFeb-30thMarch analyzing on the different leadership styles practiced in the airline industry 1stApril-30thApril selection and execution of an organization change that result to more positive effect, selection of the best leadership style 1stMay-10thMay Hiring new management team to execute the leadership style selected 11thMa y-20thMay Barriers to implementation Conflict between managers at different levels concerning the amount of capital to be spent as well as time span to be utilized during implementation Lack of adequate resources and ineffective personnel who will be relied upon in carrying out the research Lack of sufficient support from employees while implementing the plan (Porter 112) Key performance indicators The achievement of the plan being implemented would be progressively measured against a number of predetermined standards. The organizational change to be adopted should reduce employee’s turnover by 20% in the first one month. The leadership style put in place should yield a profit margin of 5% in the first one month. Conclusion The proposed recommendations would help the organization in achieving its medium and long-term goals. Having an effective organizational change at hand, the firm stands a chance to reduce negative effects emanating from ineffective organizational chan ge whist maximizing on the positive effects, which eventually lead to optimal benefits. Having effectual leadership style in place would optimally help employees increasing their efficiency through encouragement and motivation, leading to high levels of output. Therefore, having the best organizational structure and valuable leadership approach would help the firm achieve its predetermined goals and objectives. Works Cited Doganis, Rigas. Flying off course: The economics of international airlines, New York: Routledge, 2003. Print. Emirate Airlines. Arab Emirates Airline, 2010. Web. Hiatt, Jeff and Creasey, Timothy. Change management: the people side of change. Madison: Prosci Learning Center, 2003. Print. The Emirates Group. Our Vision Values, 2011. Web. Porter, Michael. The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 2008. Print. This report on The Emirates Airline Company was written and submitted by user Elliott Tran to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.